yujichem Request A Sample Trimethylsulfoxonium bromide (TBM, CAS 25596-24-1) is a crystalline salt made directly from DMSO and methyl bromide. It is the precursor to the Corey–Chaykovsky ylide used to install epoxides and cyclopropanes in pharmaceutical and steroid synthesis, and it sits at the start of several steroid epoxide routes. (CH3)2SO + CH3Br40–80 °C, neat or … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO accelerates bimolecular substitution by solvating cations while leaving anionic nucleophiles weakly solvated and highly reactive. This bare-nucleophile effect makes it the standard industrial solvent for N-alkylation, cyanide displacement, and thiolate alkylation. R–X + Nu−anhydrous DMSO, 25–120 °C→R–Nu + X− Reaction 1: Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) with bare nucleophile in DMSO Mechanism … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO is chemically stable and low in acute toxicity, but its physical properties set storage and packaging requirements. It freezes at 18.5 °C, is strongly hygroscopic, penetrates the skin, and is incompatible with carbon steel and copper alloys. These properties decide the correct container, warehouse conditions, and transfer hardware. Container and Material … Read more
Request A Sample The Swern oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using DMSO activated by oxalyl chloride, without any chromium or manganese reagent. It is the standard metal-free oxidation in pharmaceutical synthesis wherever sensitive functional groups must be preserved. RCH2OH + (CH3)2SO + (COCl)2 + 2 Et3N−78 °C, CH2Cl2→RCHO + (CH3)2S … Read more
Request A Sample Triazole fungicides carry a 1,2,4-triazole ring on a substituted carbon side chain, and installing that nitrogen–carbon bond is the key step. It runs by nucleophilic substitution of a triazolide salt onto an alkyl halide or sulfonate. DMSO is the industry-standard solvent because it solubilizes the triazolide salt at moderate temperatures. The Triazole … Read more
Request A Sample Statins share a dihydroxyheptanoic acid side chain assembled by condensation or organometallic chemistry. Dimethyl sulfoxide appears at three manufacturing roles across the class: reaction solvent for C–C bond formation, medium for amorphous solid dispersions, and recrystallization solvent for purification. Rosuvastatin Side-Chain Condensation Rosuvastatin calcium attaches its chiral dihydroxyheptenoate side chain by a … Read more
Request A Sample Steroid hormone APIs are built on a tetracyclic skeleton through 15–30 functional-group-intensive steps. Dimethyl sulfoxide appears at several of them: regioselective acetylation co-solvent, the source and medium for the Corey–Chaykovsky ylide, and a high-boiling medium for oxidation and lactone closure. Reaction Mechanisms and Process Conditions In the regioselective acetylation of dexamethasone, the … Read more
Request A Sample Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) displaces a leaving group on an electron-poor aromatic ring using a phenoxide, alkoxide, amine, or fluoride nucleophile. The ring must carry electron-withdrawing groups such as nitro or cyano ortho or para to the leaving group to stabilize the anionic intermediate. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the dominant industrial solvent … Read more
Request A Sample Several high-volume NSAIDs rely on dimethyl sulfoxide at a decisive synthetic or purification step. The aryl propionic acids ketoprofen and flurbiprofen use it to build their side chains, where solvent choice strongly affects yield. The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib uses DMSO recrystallization to fix its crystalline polymorph, and diclofenac and naproxen draw on … Read more
Request A Sample 2-Chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine (CCMP, CAS 70258-18-3) is the central intermediate for the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and nitenpyram. A key downstream transformation is oxidation of the chloromethyl group to an aldehyde, giving 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxaldehyde. This oxidation is performed industrially as a Kornblum reaction using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which acts as both oxidant and solvent … Read more
Request A Sample Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues form a major class of antiviral drugs used against herpesviruses, hepatitis B, and RNA viruses. A defining synthetic operation is attachment of a sugar or acyclic side chain to a purine base at the N-9 position, a coupling that is difficult because guanine and related purines dissolve poorly … Read more
Request A Sample The Kornblum oxidation converts primary alkyl halides and sulfonate esters into aldehydes using hot DMSO as both oxidant and solvent. It needs no activating reagent or cryogenic cooling, which makes it the workhorse route for sensitive aldehyde intermediates in agrochemical and fine-chemical plants. RCH2X + (CH3)2SO80–120 °C, NaHCO3→RCHO + (CH3)2S + HX … Read more
Request A Sample Proton pump inhibitors — omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole — share a benzimidazole sulfoxide bridge built by oxidizing a corresponding sulfide precursor. DMSO-based oxidation systems deliver that one oxygen cleanly and are widely used across the PPI class. R–S–R′ + (CH3)2SO(COCl)2 or carbodiimide activator, −10 to 25 °C→R–SO–R′ + (CH3)2S Reaction … Read more
Request A Sample Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM, dimethyl sulfone, CAS 67-71-0) is a stable, water-soluble sulfone made by oxidizing DMSO. It is the largest downstream derivative of DMSO, consumed mainly as a joint-health supplement, with secondary uses as a high-boiling solvent and chemical intermediate. Both supplement-grade and industrial MSM are outlets for DMSO feedstock. (CH3)2SO + H2O250–90 … Read more
Request A Sample Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings — Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira, and Buchwald–Hartwig among them — build the biaryl and C–N bonds at the heart of modern API manufacture. DMSO is the preferred high-temperature solvent when unreactive aryl chlorides or sluggish couplings demand heat that decomposes amide solvents such as DMF. Ar–X + Ar′–B(OH)2Pd(0) cat., K2CO3, DMSO, … Read more
Request A Sample Proton pump inhibitors are built around a benzimidazole linked through a sulfoxide bridge to a pyridine. Because the active API is a sulfoxide, every route contains a selective oxidation step, and dimethyl sulfoxide serves as both solvent and oxidant in several industrial processes. The Sulfide-to-Sulfoxide Step The penultimate step oxidizes a 2-[(pyridylmethyl)thio]benzimidazole … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO is strongly hygroscopic and absorbs water rapidly from ambient air, reaching 30–40% water in humid conditions. Water is no inert diluent: it quenches moisture-sensitive reagents and slows SN2 and SNAr nucleophiles. Controlling water is part of controlling the chemistry, and it shapes the grade and receiving conditions specified. Why Water Matters … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO is a standard process solvent in API manufacturing, but residual DMSO stays in the isolated solid cake and must be controlled to release. Its high boiling point and full water miscibility make it harder to remove than low-boiling solvents. Under ICH Q3C(R6), DMSO is a Class 3 solvent. The Regulatory Limit … Read more
Request A Sample Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin carry an aromatic fluorine and a piperazine side chain on a 4-oxo-3-quinolone carboxylic acid core. Industrial synthesis builds that core through three high-temperature nucleophilic steps, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the dominant solvent for each. Its boiling point near 190 °C, dipolar aprotic character, and … Read more
Request A Sample The Halex process exchanges chloride for fluoride on electron-poor aryl chlorides using potassium fluoride, producing the aryl fluorides behind fluoroquinolone antibiotics and fluorinated fine chemicals. DMSO is the industrial standard because no other common solvent dissolves KF and activates the fluoride anion as effectively. Ar–Cl + KFDMSO, 150–200 °C→Ar–F + KCl Reaction … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO and DMF are the two most used polar aprotic solvents in pharmaceutical and fine-chemical synthesis, supporting nucleophilic substitution, SNAr, and transition-metal coupling. The choice is driven by thermal stability and catalyst compatibility more than by shared polarity, and it directly changes the purchase specification. Key Properties Property (25 °C) DMSO DMF … Read more
Request A Sample Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an enabling process solvent in two high-technology industries. It is the dominant solvent for spinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon-fiber precursor, the route behind more than 90% of the world’s high-performance carbon fiber, and it forms the high-solvency backbone of copper-compatible post-etch residue removers in semiconductor fabrication. The two uses … Read more
Request A Sample Emamectin benzoate is a semisynthetic avermectin insecticide and miticide. Its manufacture oxidizes the terminal-sugar 4″-hydroxyl to a ketone, then reductively aminates it with methylamine and salts it as the benzoate. That selective oxidation runs in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which acts as both oxidant and solvent. Where the DMSO Oxidation Sits in the … Read more
Request A Sample Biocatalysis turns to enzymes for high selectivity, mild conditions, and a lower environmental footprint, but drug-like molecules, steroids, and natural products are hydrophobic and dissolve poorly in the aqueous buffers enzymes require. DMSO is the standard co-solvent that delivers these substrates to the enzyme without reacting itself. Where DMSO Is Dosed In … Read more
Request A Sample Activated dimethyl sulfoxide can donate a methylene, methyl, carbonyl, or methylthio unit into a new bond, replacing formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, or toxic methylating agents in modern synthesis. It is now a practical C1 building block for heterocycle and specialty chemical manufacture. Because DMSO is inexpensive, abundant, and of relatively low toxicity, this … Read more
Request A Sample Activated dimethyl sulfoxide can donate the sulfur atom in thiophene ring formation, replacing malodorous P₂S₅, Lawesson’s reagent, or elemental sulfur. It now serves as both solvent and sulfur donor for the heterocycle classes found in drugs and organic electronics. Classical thiophene syntheses carry a sulfur-related environmental cost, and DMSO offers a lower-odor, … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO is sold in industrial, pharmaceutical, and electronic grades defined by assay, water, trace metals, and dimethyl sulfide. The grade purchased decides whether a precious-metal catalyst survives, an API passes release, or a wafer stays defect-free. Buying above need raises cost; buying below it fails the process. Grade Specifications Parameter Industrial Pharmaceutical … Read more
Request A Sample Converting alkyl and aryl halides to nitriles uses cheap inorganic cyanides — NaCN and KCN — that dissolve poorly in most organic solvents. DMSO dissolves these salts and presents the cyanide as a bare, highly nucleophilic anion, which makes it the standard medium for aliphatic and activated aromatic cyanation. R–X + NaCNDMSO, … Read more
Request A Sample The Corey–Chaykovsky reaction transfers a one-carbon methylene unit from a DMSO-derived sulfoxonium salt to aldehydes, ketones, and enones, producing epoxides and cyclopropanes. DMSO is both the reaction medium and the structural parent of the ylide reagent, which makes it the standard solvent for this transformation in pharmaceutical manufacturing. R2C=O + (CH3)2S(O)=CH2NaH, DMSO/THF, … Read more
Request A Sample Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serves three distinct roles in oncology API production: a reaction solvent for reductions and heterocycle assembly, a recrystallization medium for purification, and — in one marketed drug — a structural component of the active substance itself. Where DMSO Is Used in Oncology APIs Capecitabine uses DMSO in a sodium … Read more
Request A Sample Diphenyl ether herbicides — fomesafen, acifluorfen, lactofen, and oxyfluorfen — build their central diaryl ether bond (Ar–O–Ar′) by phenoxide nucleophilic aromatic substitution on an activated nitro aryl halide. This condensation is the cost- and quality-determining step of the whole route. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the standard industrial solvent for it, releasing reactive, … Read more
Request A Sample Azole antifungals — imidazoles such as ketoconazole and triazoles such as voriconazole and posaconazole — attach an imidazole or 1,2,4-triazole ring to a hydrophobic side chain through an N–C bond. That coupling is an SN2 alkylation of an azolide salt, a reaction class unusually sensitive to solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the … Read more
Request A Sample Diphenyl ether herbicides — fomesafen, acifluorfen, lactofen, and oxyfluorfen — build their central diaryl ether bond (Ar–O–Ar′) by phenoxide nucleophilic aromatic substitution on an activated nitro aryl halide. This condensation is the cost- and quality-determining step of the whole route. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the standard industrial solvent for it, releasing reactive, … Read more
Request A Sample DMSO is sold in industrial, pharmaceutical, and electronic grades defined by assay, water, trace metals, and dimethyl sulfide. The grade purchased decides whether a precious-metal catalyst survives, an API passes release, or a wafer stays defect-free. Buying above need raises cost; buying below it fails the process. Grade Specifications Parameter Industrial Pharmaceutical … Read more
Request A Sample Activated dimethyl sulfoxide can donate the sulfur atom in thiophene ring formation, replacing malodorous P₂S₅, Lawesson’s reagent, or elemental sulfur. It now serves as both solvent and sulfur donor for the heterocycle classes found in drugs and organic electronics. Classical thiophene syntheses carry a sulfur-related environmental cost, and DMSO offers a lower-odor, … Read more
Request A Sample Activated dimethyl sulfoxide can donate a methylene, methyl, carbonyl, or methylthio unit into a new bond, replacing formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, or toxic methylating agents in modern synthesis. It is now a practical C1 building block for heterocycle and specialty chemical manufacture. Because DMSO is inexpensive, abundant, and of relatively low toxicity, this … Read more
Request A Sample The Corey–Chaykovsky reaction transfers a one-carbon methylene unit from a DMSO-derived sulfoxonium salt to aldehydes, ketones, and enones, producing epoxides and cyclopropanes. DMSO is both the reaction medium and the structural parent of the ylide reagent, which makes it the standard solvent for this transformation in pharmaceutical manufacturing. R2C=O + (CH3)2S(O)=CH2NaH, DMSO/THF, … Read more
Request A Sample Converting alkyl and aryl halides to nitriles uses cheap inorganic cyanides — NaCN and KCN — that dissolve poorly in most organic solvents. DMSO dissolves these salts and presents the cyanide as a bare, highly nucleophilic anion, which makes it the standard medium for aliphatic and activated aromatic cyanation. R–X + NaCNDMSO, … Read more
Request A Sample Azole antifungals — imidazoles such as ketoconazole and triazoles such as voriconazole and posaconazole — attach an imidazole or 1,2,4-triazole ring to a hydrophobic side chain through an N–C bond. That coupling is an SN2 alkylation of an azolide salt, a reaction class unusually sensitive to solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the … Read more
Request A Sample Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serves three distinct roles in oncology API production: a reaction solvent for reductions and heterocycle assembly, a recrystallization medium for purification, and — in one marketed drug — a structural component of the active substance itself. Where DMSO Is Used in Oncology APIs Capecitabine uses DMSO in a sodium … Read more
An overview of DMSO’s three roles – reaction solvent, oxidation reagent and stripping solvent – and how to choose the matching grade.
How DMSO’s roughly 189 to 190 C boiling point shapes its use and vacuum recovery, and why boiling data is not a safety limit.
How DMSO is recovered and purified from carbon-fiber precursor streams, and how the returned solvent is qualified for reuse.
How DMSO dissolves PAN to make the spinning dope for wet-spun carbon-fiber precursor, and what controls dope quality and spinnability.
How to specify electronic-process DMSO by water, identified metals and particles, and how to read SEMI C53 and the batch COA.
How heated DMSO strips photoresist, which resist types it suits, and how it differs from formulated strippers and dry plasma ashing.
Why DMSO is a listed solvent for an upstream enrofloxacin intermediate, and how to turn that listing into an evidence-based route choice.
How DMSO serves as the polar aprotic medium for diaryl ether formation in a published acifluorfen route.
How DMSO is activated by phenyl dichlorophosphate to oxidize an emamectin intermediate, acting as a reagent rather than a solvent.
Why a pregabalin decarboxylation runs in a DMSO/water/salt medium, and how the step follows a Krapcho-type decarbalkoxylation.
How DMSO dissolves a peptide precursor and supports liquid-phase cyclization that closes the carbetocin ring through a thioether linkage.
How DMSO hosts the selective 6-O-methylation of a protected erythromycin intermediate, and why the methyl group comes from methyl tosylate rather than DMSO.
Why DMSO’s polar aprotic environment can change nucleophile reactivity, and which factors beyond solvent choice still control rate, selectivity and workup.
How DMSO acts as a reagent in oxidation sequences such as the Swern oxidation, and which process conditions and specifications matter when scaling them.
How DMSO’s high boiling point widens the reactor operating window while creating a downstream engineering challenge, and how to evaluate reaction and workup together.
How DMSO in aqueous acidic media oxidizes peptide thiols to disulfide bonds, which conditions control the result, and how this differs from thioether cyclization.
Why ICH Q3C places DMSO in Class 3 and DMF in Class 2, what the 50 mg per day Option 1 limit means, and why Class 3 is not a free pass.
A seven-question process screen to complete before requesting a DMSO quotation, covering role, chemistry, moisture, temperature, workup, quality and supply.
A screening comparison of eight common industrial solvents by physical properties, safety risks and application fit, with DMSO’s position and a practical selection process.
Why DMSO solidifies in cool storage, how to thaw it safely according to the SDS and container type, and why freezing is not a purity test.
Why DMSO became a leading research solvent for lithium-air batteries through its solution-growth “donut” mechanism, and where its chemical instability still blocks practical use.
An end-to-end overview of where DMSO fits in PAN-based carbon-fiber precursor production, and how the spinning, impurity-control and recovery steps connect.
Why regular DMSO and deuterated DMSO-d6 differ so greatly in price, and why only the deuterated form is suitable as an NMR solvent.
What CPS means in an ICP-MS laboratory, how counts per second become a concentration through calibration, and why the same sample can show a lower signal.
How the two common hydrogen-sulfide sources for DMSO, refinery tail gas and CS2 byproduct gas, compare in purity, cost and supply stability, and which suits each grade.
How industrial and electronic DMSO can both show 99.9% yet differ several times in price, and where the cost goes in moisture, acidity, UV absorbance and trace-metal control.
Why two drums can both assay at 99.9% yet behave differently, and how source material, odor and trace contaminants reveal what a single purity figure hides.
A practical method for comparing DMSO grades by agreed specification, test methods and batch documentation rather than by a label or headline purity.
A decision framework for choosing a DMSO grade that fits the process, from defining the application to comparing critical parameters and reviewing a COA and sample.
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