DMSO Technical Articles

Request A Sample Proton pump inhibitors — omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole — share a benzimidazole sulfoxide bridge built by oxidizing a corresponding sulfide precursor. DMSO-based oxidation systems deliver that one oxygen cleanly and are widely used across the PPI class. R–S–R′ + (CH3)2SO(COCl)2 or carbodiimide activator, −10 to 25 °C→R–SO–R′ + (CH3)2S Reaction…

Read article

Request A Sample The Kornblum oxidation converts primary alkyl halides and sulfonate esters into aldehydes using hot DMSO as both oxidant and solvent. It needs no activating reagent or cryogenic cooling, which makes it the workhorse route for sensitive aldehyde intermediates in agrochemical and fine-chemical plants. RCH2X + (CH3)2SO80–120 °C, NaHCO3→RCHO + (CH3)2S + HX…

Read article

Request A Sample Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues form a major class of antiviral drugs used against herpesviruses, hepatitis B, and RNA viruses. A defining synthetic operation is attachment of a sugar or acyclic side chain to a purine base at the N-9 position, a coupling that is difficult because guanine and related purines dissolve poorly…

Read article

Request A Sample 2-Chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine (CCMP, CAS 70258-18-3) is the central intermediate for the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and nitenpyram. A key downstream transformation is oxidation of the chloromethyl group to an aldehyde, giving 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxaldehyde. This oxidation is performed industrially as a Kornblum reaction using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which acts as both oxidant and solvent…

Read article

Request A Sample DMSO is strongly hygroscopic and absorbs water rapidly from ambient air, reaching 30–40% water in humid conditions. Water is no inert diluent: it quenches moisture-sensitive reagents and slows SN2 and SNAr nucleophiles. Controlling water is part of controlling the chemistry, and it shapes the grade and receiving conditions specified. Why Water Matters…

Read article

Request A Sample Biocatalysis turns to enzymes for high selectivity, mild conditions, and a lower environmental footprint, but drug-like molecules, steroids, and natural products are hydrophobic and dissolve poorly in the aqueous buffers enzymes require. DMSO is the standard co-solvent that delivers these substrates to the enzyme without reacting itself. Where DMSO Is Dosed In…

Read article

Request A Sample Emamectin benzoate is a semisynthetic avermectin insecticide and miticide. Its manufacture oxidizes the terminal-sugar 4″-hydroxyl to a ketone, then reductively aminates it with methylamine and salts it as the benzoate. That selective oxidation runs in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which acts as both oxidant and solvent. Where the DMSO Oxidation Sits in the…

Read article

Request A Sample Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an enabling process solvent in two high-technology industries. It is the dominant solvent for spinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon-fiber precursor, the route behind more than 90% of the world’s high-performance carbon fiber, and it forms the high-solvency backbone of copper-compatible post-etch residue removers in semiconductor fabrication. The two uses…

Read article

Request A Sample DMSO and DMF are the two most used polar aprotic solvents in pharmaceutical and fine-chemical synthesis, supporting nucleophilic substitution, SNAr, and transition-metal coupling. The choice is driven by thermal stability and catalyst compatibility more than by shared polarity, and it directly changes the purchase specification. Key Properties Property (25 °C) DMSO DMF…

Read article

Request A Sample The Halex process exchanges chloride for fluoride on electron-poor aryl chlorides using potassium fluoride, producing the aryl fluorides behind fluoroquinolone antibiotics and fluorinated fine chemicals. DMSO is the industrial standard because no other common solvent dissolves KF and activates the fluoride anion as effectively. Ar–Cl + KFDMSO, 150–200 °C→Ar–F + KCl Reaction…

Read article

Request A Sample Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin carry an aromatic fluorine and a piperazine side chain on a 4-oxo-3-quinolone carboxylic acid core. Industrial synthesis builds that core through three high-temperature nucleophilic steps, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the dominant solvent for each. Its boiling point near 190 °C, dipolar aprotic character, and…

Read article

Request A Sample DMSO is a standard process solvent in API manufacturing, but residual DMSO stays in the isolated solid cake and must be controlled to release. Its high boiling point and full water miscibility make it harder to remove than low-boiling solvents. Under ICH Q3C(R6), DMSO is a Class 3 solvent. The Regulatory Limit…

Read article